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Preface
ABOUT THIS SITE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND
An Overview of Geophysics
Application of Geophysics and NDT Methods in Transportation
Advantages and Limitations
EVALUATION OF APPROPRIATE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
TABLE 1 APPLICATION OF GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS - PART I
BRIDGE SYSTEM – SUBSTRUCTURE
DETERMINING THE UNKNOWN DEPTH OF FOUNDATIONS
Surface NDT Methods
Sonic Echo(SE)/Impulse Response (IR)
Bending Waves
Ultraseismic (US)
Seismic Wave Reflection Survey
Transient Forced Vibration Survey
Borehole Nondestructive Testing Methods
Parallel Seismic (PS)
Induction Field (IF)
Borehole Logging Methods
Dynamic Foundation Response
Borehole Radar
Borehole Sonic
Cross-borehole Seismic Tomography
Determining Depth of Foundation Socketing Into Bedrock
INTEGRITY TESTING
Integrity Testing of Foundations
Crosshole Sonic Logging (CSL)
Crosshole Sonic Logging Tomography (CSLT)
Gamma-gamma Density Logging (GDL)
Sonic Echo/Impulse Response (SE/IR)
Single Hole Sonic Logging (SSL)
Ultraseismic (US) Profiling
Integrity Testing of Other Bridge Substructure Elements
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
Impact Echo (IE)
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)
Acoustic Emissions (AE)
High Energy Radiography
REBAR QUALITY AND BONDING TO CONCRETE WITHIN CONCRETE ELEMENTS
Direct Measurement Methods
Half-cell Potential
Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR)
Galvanostatic Pulse Technique
Electrochemical Noise
Acoustic Emissions
Magnetic Field Disturbance (MFD)
Indirect Measurement Methods
Potentiodynamic Polarization Curves
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Harmonic Analysis
Zero Resistance Ammetry
General Discussion and Conclusions
BRIDGE FOUNDATION SCOUR
Time Domain Reflectrometry (TDR)
Parallel Seismic (PS)
Ground-Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Continuous Seismic Reflection Profiling
Fathometer
BRIDGE SYSTEM – SUPERSTRUCTURE
DECK STABILITY ANALYSIS
Initial Monitoring or Structural Verification
Periodic Monitoring
Permanent Monitoring
Recommendations
QA/QC OF NEW DECKS
QA Using Geophysical Methods
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Impact Echo (IE)
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) and Ultrasonic Surface Waves Methods
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW) and Impact Echo (IE) Combined
BASELINE CONDITION ASSESSMENT
Baseline Condition Assessment Using Geophysical Methods
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Electromagnetic (EM) Instruments Sensitive to Ferrous Content in Steel
Ultrasonic-Seismic Techniques
Ultrasonic Seismic and Impact Echo (Combined)
Half-Cell Corrosion Potential Mapping
Infrared (IR) Thermography
CONDITION EVALUATION OF EXISTING DECK
Presence, Pattern and Density (PPD) of Rebar
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Rebar Condition/Corrosion
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Half-Cell Corrosion Potential
Concrete Condition/Integrity
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Impact Echo (IE)
Surface Wave Methods: SASW/MASW and USW Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)/Multiple Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Ultrasonic Surface Waves (USW)
Incipient Spalling
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Impact Echo (IE)
Surface Wave Methods: Surface Wave Methods: SASW/MASW and USW Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)/Multiple Channel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Ultrasonic Surface Waves (USW)
Vehicle Mounted Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Systems
PAVEMENTS
QA/QC OF NEW PAVEMENTS
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Impact Echo (IE)
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves ( SASW) and Ultra Sonic Surface Wave (USW) Methods
Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) Method
CONDITION EVALUATION OF EXISTING PAVEMENTS
Segregation in Hot Mix Asphalt
Moisture Variation
Rock Pockets
Voids Beneath Pavements
Cracking
Pavement Condition/Integrity
Structural Changes
TRANSPORTATION / GEOTECHNICAL METHODS
ROADWAY SUBSIDENCE
MAPPING VOIDS, SINKHOLES, ABANDONED MINES, AND OTHER CAVITIES 5.1.1 Gravity Method
Ground Penetrating Radar
Resistivity Methods
Seismic Refraction
Shear Wave Reflection Surveys
Rayleigh Waves Recorded with a Common Offset Array
Cross-borehole Seismic Tomography
ROADBED CLAY PROBLEMS
Estimating Clay Content
Conductivity Measurements
Resistivity Measurements
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Induced Polarization
Identifying Roadbed Underlain by Expansive Clays (Determine Clay Content in Swelling Soils)
Conductivity Measurements
Resistivity Methods 191
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings 195
Induced Polarization 196
SUBSURFACE CHARACTERIZATION
SUBSURFACE GEOPHYSICAL MAPPING AND IMAGING
Determination of the Depth/Structure/Fractures of Bedrock
Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
Seismic Refraction
Seismic Reflection
Resistivity
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Conductivity Measurements using the EM31 and EM34
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
Gravity
Conductivity Measurements to Map Fractures
Ground Penetrating Radar to Map Fractures
Rayleigh Waves Recorded with a Common Offset Array to Map Fractures
Seismic Refraction to Map Fractures
Shear Wave Seismic Reflection to Map Fractures
Resistivity Measurements to Map Fractures
Geophysical Methods to Map Faults.
Mapping Fractures and Identifying Weak Zones Within the Bedrock
Resistivity
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Conductivity Measurements
Rayleigh Waves Recorded with a Common Offset Array
Shear Wave Seismic Reflection
Seismic Refraction
Ground Penetrating Radar
Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic Surveys
Borehole Televiewers (Optical & Acoustic)
Mapping Lithology
Seismic Refraction
Seismic Reflection
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Resistivity
Magnetic
Induced Polarization
Borehole Gamma Logs (Natural Gamma or Gamma Ray)
Locating Shallow Sand and Gravel Deposits
Resistivity; Soundings, and Traverses
Conductivity Measurements
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Airborne Resistivity
Seismic Refraction
Ground Penetrating Radar
Mapping Groundwater Surface and Flow
Resistivity Soundings
Time Domain Electromagnetic Soundings
Seismic Refraction
Ground Penetrating Radar
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Self Potential
The Electroseismic
Borehole HydroPhysical™ Logging
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO DETERMINE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Determining Engineering Properties of the Subsurface
Seismic Refraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Ground Penetrating Radar
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves
Borehole Logging
Suspension logging
Integrated Logging System
Crosshole Shear logging
Determining the Rippability of Rocks
Seismic Refraction
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS TO IMAGE BURIED MANMADE FEATURES
Detecting Subsurface Utilities
Magnetic
Electromagnetic
Ground Penetrating Radar
Acoustic Pipe Tracer
Detecting Underground Storage Tanks
Magnetic Methods
Electromagnetic
Metal Detectors
Ground Penetrating Radar
Mapping Contaminant Plumes
Electromagnetic
Resistivity
Ground Penetrating Radar
Induced Polarization
Electromagnetic Methods to Map Aquitard Topography
Seismic Refraction to Map Aquitard Topography
Detecting Unexploded Ordnance (UXO)
Magnetic
Electromagnetic
Ground Penetrating Radar
VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
VIBRATIONS CAUSED BY TRAFFIC, CONSTRUCTION, AND BLASTING
Traffic Vibrations
Blasting Vibrations
Construction Vibrations
Vibration Recommendations
GEOPHYSICAL METHODS, THEORY, AND DISCUSSION - PART II
GEOPHYSICAL QUANTITIES
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (s) AND RESISTIVITY (r)
Factors Influencing Electrical Conductivity
Metal Content
Porosity
Clay Content
Permeability
Skin Depth
Ground Penetrating Radar Attenuation
Induced Polarization (Ip) And Complex Resistivity
Velocity of EM Radiation
Reflection Coefficient
Water Content
MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY (K)
Geomagnetic Field
Susceptibility and Magnetite
Magnetization of Soils
DENISTY
POROSITY
SEISMIC VELOCITIES (VS, VP)
RELECTIVITY
GEOMECHANICAL (ENGINEERING PROPERTIES)
SURFACE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
POTENTIAL FIELD METHODS
Magnetic Methods
Gravity Methods
SEISMIC METHODS
Seismic Reflection Methods
Common-Offset Seismic Reflection Method
Subbottom Profiling
Fathometer Surveys
Surface Wave Methods
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves (SASW)
Common-Offset Rayleigh Wave Method
ELECTRICAL METHODS
Self-Potential (SP) Method
Equipotential and Mise-a-la-Masse Methods
Resistivity Methods
Induced Polarization
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
Frequency Domain Electromagnetic Methods
Tilt Angle Method
Terrain Conductivity Method
Time-Domain Electromagnetic Methods
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Very Low-Frequency (VLF) Method
Seismoelectrical Method
Metal Detectors
NUCLEAR METHODS
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Method
BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL METHODS
GENERAL IN-HOLE PROCEDURES
GENERAL CROSSHOLE PROCEDURES
SURFACE TO BOREHOLE PROCEDURES
Overview of Borehole Seismic Methods
Velocity Surveys
Vertical Incidence VSP
LOGGING TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS
Electrical Methods
Spontaneous Potential Log
Single-Point Resistance Log
Normal Resistivity Log
Lateral Resistivity Log
Focused Resistivity Log
Microresistivity Log
Dipmeter Log
Induction Logging
Nuclear Logging
Gamma logging
Gamma-Gamma Logging
Neutron Logging
Acoustic Logging
Acoustic-Velocity Logs
Acoustic Waveform Logging
Cement-Bond Logging
AcousticTeleviewer
Other Methods of Logging
Caliper Logging
Fluid
Temperature Logging
Conductivity Logging
Flow Logging
Impeller Flowmeter
Heat-Pulse Flowmeters
Hydrophysical Logging
Well-Completion Logging
Casing Logging
Logging Annular Materials
Borehole-Deviation
Hole-to-Hole Logging
Crosshole Seismic/Sonic Logging Survey
Crosshole Seismic/Sonic Tomography Survey
GLOSSARY
