Electrical Conductivity (σ) and Resistivity (ρ)...

Electrical conductivity is the proportionality factor relating the current that flows in a medium to the electric force field that is applied.  It is a measure of the ability of electrical ge to move through that material.  Resistivity is the reciprocal of conductivity.  The units of conductivity are Siemens per meter (S/m).  The practical unit is milliSiemens per meter (mS/m).  Because Siemen, the unit of conductance, is the reciprocal of the Ohm, the unit of resistance, the units of conductivity are sometimes given as mhos/meter or millimhos/meter. .  Resistivity is the inverse of conductivity ( r = 1 / s ).  The units of resistivity are Ohm meters (Wm).

Factors Influencing Electrical Conductivity

• Metal Content
• Porosity
• Clay Content
• Permeability
• Skin Depth

Ground Penetrating Radar Attenuation

Induced Polarization (IP) and Complex Resistivity

Dielectric Permittivity

• Velocity of EM Radiation
• Reflection Coefficient
• Water Content