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Geophysical Methods to Determine Physical Properties...

Both surface and borehole geophysical methods can be used to determine the physical properties of subsurface materials. These properties include various elastic moduli as well as providing estimates of the density and sometimes the porosity of these materials.

Determining Engineering Properties of the Subsurface

Seismic Refraction
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Ground Penetrating Radar
Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves

Borehole Logging

Suspension logging
Integrated Logging System
Crosshole Shear logging

Determining the Rippability of Rocks

Seismic Refraction